Two studies reported recidivism rates formally. In addition to methodological issues, much evidence was indirect. The quality of the evidence overall was poor. Meta-analysis was not possible due to heterogeneity of interventions, comparators, study designs, and other issues. Five studies were placebo-controlled in two, MPA was administered as an adjunctive treatment to a psychological therapy (assertiveness training or imaginal desensitisation). Judgements for categories of risk of bias varied: concerns were greatest regarding allocation concealment, blinding of outcome assessors, and incomplete outcome data (dropout rates in the five community-based studies ranged from 3% to 54% and results were usually analysed on a per protocol basis).Participant characteristics in the seven studies were heterogeneous, but the vast majority had convictions for sexual offences, ranging from exhibitionism to rape and child molestation.Six studies examined the effectiveness of three testosterone-suppressing drugs: cyproterone acetate (CPA), ethinyl oestradiol (EO), and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) a seventh evaluated two antipsychotics (benperidol and chlorpromazine). We included seven studies with a total of 138 participants, with data available for 123. We contacted study authors for additional information, including details of methods and outcome data. Pairs of authors, working independently, selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Prospective controlled trials of antilibidinal medications taken by individuals for the purpose of preventing sexual offences, where the comparator group received a placebo, no treatment, or 'standard care', including psychological treatment. We also searched two trials registers and requested details of unidentified, unpublished, or ongoing studies from investigators and other experts. We searched CENTRAL (2014, Issue 7), Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and 15 other databases in July 2014. To evaluate the effects of pharmacological interventions on target sexual behaviour for people who have been convicted or are at risk of sexual offending. Medications that affect libido through other means include antipsychotics and serotonergic antidepressants (SSRIs). The three main classes of testosterone-suppressing drugs in current use are progestogens, antiandrogens, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues. Surveys report high levels of psychiatric morbidity in survivors of sexual offences.Biological treatments of sex offenders include antilibidinal medication, comprising hormonal drugs that have a testosterone-suppressing effect, and non-hormonal drugs that affect libido through other mechanisms. Victim surveys indicate high incidence and prevalence levels and it is accepted that there is a high proportion of hidden sexual victimisation. Grandeur Peak has no immediate plans to cut or raise its stake in NQ Mobile, Walker said, adding that many of the allegations in the Muddy Waters report have come up before.Sexual offending is a serious social problem, a public health issue, and a major challenge for social policy. “But actions speak louder than words and we’re encouraged at the formation of the special committee who will independently verify or refute all allegations,” he said. Time will tell,” said Blake Walker, chief investment officer at Grandeur Peak Global Advisors, which holds a 2.3 percent stake in NQ Mobile. The stock dropped by nearly 50 percent on Thursday, after Muddy Waters released its report, wiping out $500 million (309 million pounds) of market value. Shares of NQ continued their slide on Friday, falling as much as 20 percent. NQ described as “false and inaccurate” the allegations by Muddy Waters, owned by short-seller Carson Block, but said a special committee of independent directors would investigate. Omar Khan (R), NQ's co-chief executive, poses with Henry Lin, co-founder and co-chief executive of NQ, for pictures during an interview in Beijing October 25, 2013.
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